Ongoing development of timber and timberproducts made from European hardwoods like ash andbeech influences the selection of acceptable methods forconnecting these elements and thus demands validation andapplication of current design methods for softwood andglulam. For the last 20 years, despite many national andinternational research projects and practical applications ofglued-in rods in timber structures, there is still no universalstandard with respect to their design. The use of adhesivesavailable for bonding rods and timber is limited to softwood.This work shows the performance of different timberspecies Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.), Europeanash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and European beech (Fagussilvatica L.) and engineered timber products (laminatedveneer lumber made of Norway spruce and Europeanbeech) based on comprehensive pull-compression tests ofglued-in rods. For characterizing the elastic and elasticplasticbehavior, failure loads as well as stiffness andductility were considered whereby the rod diameter andanchorage length were maintained constant. The aim of theresearch was to show that glued-in rods cannot only beused in softwoods and glulam members but also in hardwoodsand in wood-based products such as LVL.
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